The following bibliography lists only material which appeared in the 20th c. Much of it is in German, even though it was printed in the US.

Die folgende Bibliographie listet nur Texte, die im 20. Jahrhundert erschienen sind. Viele dieser Texte sind in deutscher Sprache geschrieben, auch wenn sie in den Vereinigten Staaten erschienen sind.

American-German Review 14:5 (Juni) 1948: Forty-eighter Issue (Essays on / Beiträge zu Carl Schurz, Turner, Hecker-Folklore) Useful, the Hecker-folklore also quite funny.

Bacarella, Michael, Lincoln's Foreign Legion. The 39th NY Infantry, the Garibaldi Guard, Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1996. Regardless of the asinine title to describe what clearly was more like one of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, B. provides a lot of background information and points out the shortcomings of the first Colonel D'Utassy, in what reads like a modern thriller. Appendices list all regimental members, but make mincemeat notably out of German spelling.

Betz, Gottlieb, Die Deutschamerikanische Patriotische Lyrik der Achtundvierziger und Ihre Historische Grundlage, Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Pr., 1916 [Americana Germanica 22] Records a number of poems and pro-Union songs from the 1860s that are not listed anywhere else.

Börnstein, Heinrich, Fünfundsiebzig Jahre in der Alten und Neuen Welt. Memoiren eines Unbedeutenden, Vol. 2, Leipzig: O. Wigand, 1881 (new ed. 1986 Frankfurt: Peter Lang). An English edition of the years 1849 - 1866, annotated and translated by Steven Rowan, under the title Henry Boernstein, Memoirs of a Nobody. The Missouri Years of an Austrian Radical, St. Louis: MOHS Press, 1997. Extensive and very diligently researched annotations.

Brancaforte, Charlotte, ed., The German Forty-Eighters in the United States, NY: Lang, 1989. Nothing on the Civil War, but on some individuals, the German Press, etc.

Burton, William, Melting Pot Soldiers. The Union's Ethnic Regiments, Ames: Iowa State UP, 1988. Revises some of the grossly exaggerated statements made by Kaufmann (s.b.): as usual in revisionist histories, he may be swinging a little too far to the other side.

Diesbach, Alfred, "August von Willich", Badische Heimat 58:3, 1978, 481-498. Good introduction to the life and times of one of the most remarkable 48ers. Some sources cannot be traced.

Dobert, Eitel Wolf, Deutsche Demokraten in Amerika. Die Achtundvierziger und ihre Schriften, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1958. A useful bio-bibliography, listing the more important 48ers and their writings, mostly those on America and their own experiences.

Easton, Loyd, Hegel's First American Followers: The Ohio Hegelians, Athens, OH: Ohio UP, 1966 Contains a chapter on August Willich plus some of his writings in English translation. To date the best source on A.W.

Engle, Stephen, Yankee Dutchman. The Life of Franz Sigel, Fayetteville: U. of Arkansas Press, 1992. To try and steer a narrative middle passage between the extremely divergent and irreconciliable portrayals of Sigel in contemporary accounts in Nativist and German newspapers, diaries, and letters, was not a good idea, but the book contains a lot of good research material. Also, this is the first biography of Sigel!

Engle, Stephen D., "'Yankee Dutchman. Franz Sigels Leben in Amerika", Kraichgau. Beiträge zur Landschafts- und Heimatforschung 15, 1997, 367-380. Corrects some of the mistakes of the above volume: concise and readable.

Faust, Albert Bernhardt, The German Element in the United States, 2 Bde., New York: Steuben Society, 1927. Outdated, but still useful to find some people not covered by other sources.

Frei, Alfred Georg, ed., Friedrich Hecker in den USA. Eine deutsch-amerikanische Spurensicherung, Singen: Stadler, 1992. The fact that contributors ranged from hobbyists to University professors makes somewhat uneven reading, but this was a great "grassroots" project, a conscious attempt to get involved in the ongoing re-negotiations of historical myths and images.

Hess, Earl J., "Osterhaus in Missouri: A Study in German-American Loyalty", Missouri Historical Review, 78:2, 1984, 144-167. Good.

Hess, Earl J. (ed.) A German in the Yankee Fatherland. The Civil War Letters of Henry A. Kircher, Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 1983. K. was no 48er, but he served in close contact with some of them in the 12th MO.

Hochbruck, Wolfgang, "Der Zweite Freiheitskampf", Damals, (Spezial 1848) Feb. 1998, 100-104. Survey.

Kaufmann, Wilhelm, Die Deutschen im amerikanischen Bürgerkriege, München: Oldenbourg, 1911. There are so many mistakes in this book, notably in the biographical section, as to make it almost useless before the English edition Steven Rowan and others are working on is out.

Kleber, Hans-Peter, "Peter Joseph Osterhaus; ein deutsch-amerikanisches Leben", Koblenzer Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur, NF 2, 1992, 87-130. Relies for the CW on Kaufmann, but other than that has gone through piles of material to write the seminal biographical study of O.'s life before and after the CW.

Levine, Bruce, The Spirit of 1848. German Immigrants, Labor Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War. Urbana/Chicago: U. of Illinois Press, 1992. Simply great! Should have been translated into German years ago.

Lonn, Ella, Foreigners in the Union Army and Navy, New York: Greenwood, 1969 [1951]. Outdated and dangerous where relying on Kaufmann, but provides a good starting point for further research.

Mannhardt, Emil, "General Peter Joseph Osterhaus", Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblätter 4, 1904, 54-62. Wilhelminian and braggardly.

Nagler, Jörg, Fremont Contra Lincoln. Die deutsch-amerikanische Opposition in der Republikanischen Partei während des amerikanischen Bürgerkrieges, Frankfurt: Lang, 1984. Excellent study of the German radical left inside and outside the Republican Party during the war.

Neumann, Hannes, Die deutsche Turnbewegung in der Revolution 1848/49 und in der amerikanischen Emigration, Schorndorf: K. Hofmann, 1968. Provides a lot of useful information on the Turner phenomenon, notably on ist political wing. Traces some 48er emigrants to their German background on the side.

Pfeiffer, Baldur Edmund, Deutschland und der amerikanische Bürgerkrieg, Phil. Diss., Mainz, 1971. Covers mostly the German political reaction to the conflict and the development of U.S.-German diplomatic affairs.

R.[attermann, Hermann], "General August Willich", Der Deutsche Pionier 9, [Feb.] 1878, 439-445; [Mrz.], 488-495; 10 [Mai] 1878, 68-71; [Jun] 114-117; [Jul] 144-147. Mostly military history, some of it apocryphal.

Rombauer, Robert J., The Union Cause in St. Louis in 1861, St. Louis: St. Louis Centennial Year, 1909. The most extensive documentation of one of the crucial phases of the War in the West, proving beyond all doubt that indeed the Germans did save St. Louis. Also contains rosters for the first five regiments of Volunteer Infantry and of Reserves (Home Guards).

Rosengarten, Joseph, The German Soldier in the Wars of the United States, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1890. Pre-Kaufmann and obviously one of his sources. Also to be taken 'cum grano salis' since some of the information is not corroborated by the Official Records.

Rowan, Steven, ed., Germans for a Free Missouri. Translations from the St. Louis Radical Press, 1857 - 1862, Columbia: U. of Missouri Press, 1983. Very good and readable documentation.

Schultz, Arthur E., comp. German-American Relations and German Culture in America: A Subject Bibliography 1941-1980, 2 vols, Millwood, NY: Kraus Int'l Publ., 1984 ["The Forty-Eighters", "Carl Schurz", "The Civil War": Vol. 2, pp. 656-670]

Überhorst, Horst, Turner unterm Sternenbanner. Der Kampf der deutsch-amerikanischen Turner für Einheit, Freiheit und soziale Gerechtigkeit 1848-1918, München 1978. Less useful than the volume by Neumann on the same topic.

Vocke, William, Der deutsche Soldat im amerikanischen Bürgerkriege, Chicago: Külling & Klappenbach, 1895. Printed version of a lecture given by Vocke, himself a veteran and G.A.R. member, At Northwestern University. Limited in scope, more interesting for its expression of indignation at what he (not unjustifiedly so) preceived to be racist slurs against the German participation in the Civil War.

Wagner, Maria, Mathilde Franziska Anneke in Selbstzeugnissen und Dokumenten, Frankfurt: Fischer, 1984. A good source on one of the most remarkable women among the 48ers.

Wittke, Carl, Refugees of Revolution. The German Forty-Eighters in Amerika, Philadelphia: UPA Pr., 1952. To date the most exhaustive source of biographical and sociogeographical information on the numbers, the names, and the whereabouts of the more and some of the less prominent 48er refugees.

Zier, Hans Georg, "Die 1848er in den Vereinigten Staaten", in Guenther Haselier, ed., USA und Baden-Wuerttemberg in ihrer geschichtlichen Beziehung, Stuttgart: Landesarchiv-direktion, 1976, 32-36. Typical example of a carelessly researched and hastily written 'Festschrift' article. Useless.

Zucker, A. E., ed., The Forty-Eighters. Political Refugees of the German Revolution of 1848, New York: Columbia UP, 1950. Contains numerous contributions on the 48ers in politics, daily life, and the war, and a biographical survey of ca. 350 persons. some mistakes inherited from Kaufmann.